Primary outcome
What ON TARGET DM measured first
| SU Initiators | DPP4 Initiators | SGLT2i Initiators | GLP-1RA Initiators |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11,348 | 393 | 424 | 296 |
Exenatide
ON TARGET DM trial results
Comparison of Type 2 Diabetes Pharmacotherapy Regimens Using Targeted Learning
Incidence of 3-point Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) (Participants), 2.5 years. SU Initiators: 11,348; DPP4 Initiators: 393; SGLT2i Initiators: 424; GLP-1RA Initiators: 296.
- Participants
- 241,981
- Status
- completed
- Completed
- 2025-03-12
- Sponsor
- Kaiser Permanente
As posted on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05073692), updated at source Nov 21, 2025. Read again whenever the registry updates it. Registry figures can differ from a published paper, which may use another analysis.
The trial
How ON TARGET DM was run
This study is designed to help patients with type 2 diabetes and their clinicians: (a) identify which glucose lowering medications have the most favorable effects on heart health and other patient-important outcomes, (b) inform the timing of medication initiation, and (c) identify whether medication benefits apply equally to all adults with type 2 diabetes, or may be different based on age, sex, race/ethnicity, baseline heart health status, baseline renal function, or other factors.
Who could join the trial
* Dispensing of either of the set of drugs being compared * No prior dispensing of nor contraindication for any of the drugs compared * Evidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus diagnosis * Age 18 or older * Not currently pregnant * No evidence of dementia or short-term life expectancy from prior cancer diagnoses * History of ≥2 years of continuous health plan membership * ≥1 A1c test in the past 18 months
Published papers
Papers from ON TARGET DM
- Rodriguez LA, Finertie H, Neugebauer RS, Gosiker B, Thomas TW, Karter AJ, Gilliam LK, Oshiro C, An J, Simonson G, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Dombrowski S, Nolan M, O'Connor PJ, Schmittdiel JA. Race and ethnicity and pharmacy dispensing of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024 May 7;34:100759. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100759. eCollection 2024 Jun.
- Thapa B, Schmittdiel JA, Arterburn D, Neugebauer R, Dyer W, O'Connor PJ, An J, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Gilliam LK, Hooker SA, Nolan MB, Oshiro CES, Thomas T, Simonson G, Dombrowski SK, Rodriguez LA. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Diabetes Remission in Six Integrated Health Care Systems: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2025 Oct 1;48(10):1737-1743. doi: 10.2337/dc25-0530.
- Neugebauer R, An J, Dombrowski SK, Oshiro C, Cassidy-Bushrow A, Gilliam L, Simonson G, Karter AJ, Bergenstal R, Finertie H, Yassin MM, Knowlton G, Lin SR, Dyer W, Pimentel N, Izadian K, Schmittdiel J, Thomas TW, Hooker SA, Nolan MB, Wright E, Aurora L, Rodriguez LA, Kaur J, Adams AS, van der Laan MJ, O'Connor PJ. Glucose-Lowering Medication Classes and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Oct 1;8(10):e2536100. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.36100.
- Thomas TW, Hooker SA, Schmittdiel JA. Principles for Stakeholder Engagement in Observational Health Research. JAMA Health Forum. 2024 Mar 1;5(3):e240114. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.0114.
Trial averages do not predict what one person will experience. Results are shown as the registry posts them, without interpretation.
GLPcompare is an informational data platform, not a medical provider or pharmacy. Nothing here is medical advice, a diagnosis, or a recommendation to start, stop, or change any treatment. Data is aggregated from public sources and can be incomplete or out of date. Always confirm with a licensed clinician and the current FDA label.